Why Are Memories Attached to Emotions So Strong?
Multiple neurons in the brain must fire in synchrony to create strong "emotional" memories
Synchronized neurons strengthen emotional memories. In the image, maps show synchronized neurons during memory creation (left) and memory retrieval (right). Images: René Hen / Columbia University Irving Medical Center.
Memories linked with strong emotions often become seared in the brain.
Most people can remember where they were on 9/11, or what the weather was like on the day their first child was born. Memories about world events on Sept, 10, or lunch last Tuesday, have long been erased.
Why are memories attached to emotions so strong?
“It makes sense we don’t remember everything,” says René Hen, PhD, professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. “We have limited brain power. We only need to remember what’s important for our future well-being.”
Fear, in this context, is not just a momentary feeling but a learning experience critical to our survival. When a new situation makes us fearful, the brain records the details in our neurons to help us avoid similar situations in the future or use appropriate caution.
What’s still a mystery is why these memories, recorded by the brain’s hippocampus, become so strong.
To find out, Hen and Jessica Jimenez, an MD/PhD student at Columbia, placed mice into new, frightening environments and recorded the activity of hippocampal neurons that reach out to the brain’s fear center (the amygdala). The neurons’ activity was also recorded a day later when the mice tried to retrieve memories of the experience.
Unsurprisingly, neurons that respond to the frightening environment send that information to the brain’s fear center.
“What was surprising was that these neurons were synchronized when the mouse later recalled the memory,” Hen says.
“We saw that it’s the synchrony that is critical to establish the fear memory, and the greater the synchrony, the stronger the memory,” Jimenez adds. “These are the types of mechanisms that explain why you remember salient events.”
How and when synchronization occurs is still unknown, but the answer could reveal the inner workings of the brain that create lifelong memories and lead to new treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder.
“In people with PTSD, many similar events remind them of the original frightening situation,” Hen says, “and it’s possible that synchronization of their neurons has become too strong. We’re really trying to dig into the mechanisms of how emotional memories form to find better treatments for people with PTSD and memory disorders in general.”
References
More information
The findings appear in “Contextual fear memory retrieval by correlated ensembles of ventral CA1 neurons,” published July 13 in Nature Communications.
René Hen, PhD, also is director of the Division of Systems Neuroscience in the Department of Psychiatry.
Additional authors: Jessica C. Jimenez, Jack E. Berry, Sean C. Lim, and Samantha K. Ong (Columbia University Irving Medical Center), and Mazen A. Kheirbek (University of California, San Francisco).
JCJ, SCL, and JEB are MD/PhD students at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
The researchers and the study were supported by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Gilliam Fellowship, an NIH T32 postdoctoral fellowship; a Weill Scholar Award, IMHRO/One Mind Rising Star Award, Pew Charitable Trusts, a Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship, New York State Stem Cell Science program (NYSTEM-C029157), Hope for Depression Research Foundation (RGA-13-003), and the NIH (R37 MH068542, R01 AG043688, R01 MH083862, S10 OD018464, R01 MH108623, R01 MH111754, and 1R01 MH117961).
The authors report no conflicts of interest.